Elfving 2010 composite preset demo#

This notebook demonstrates a reusable simulation-context preset for a composite stand workflow:

Regeneration quality via the published Elfving regeneration functions (Appendix 2; ASINW).
Stand creation via NYSKOG.
Young-stand growth via Nyström (2000 + Nyström/Söderberg 1987) with Näslund (1986) damage index and damage mortality.
Mortality routing via the Swedish mortality engine each 5-year step.
Smoothed phase-over from young to mature growth and mature-tree forecasting with Elfving 2010 stand-level correction.
Standing valuation each 5-year step with Söderberg (1992) bark/height and Mellanskog 2013 prices.

Handover logic (pyforestry preset)#

In Elfving2010Pipeline.step() the handover is handled as a smooth hybrid, not a hard plot-type switch:

Trees with dbh_cm < handover_dbh_cm are treated as young-phase trees and updated with Nyström-based young-stand growth (_apply_nystrom_young_growth).
The Elfving 2010 mature-tree step is then run through the simulation context (_ctx.update_step(dt)).
For trees that were young at step start, DBH is blended between young and mature trajectories using phase_over_weight = sigmoid((mean_height - handover_mean_height_m) / handover_smoothing_width_m).
As stand mean height rises, phase_over_weight moves from ~0 to ~1, so influence shifts progressively from young-stand equations to mature-tree equations.

handover_dbh_cm remains the tree-level split helper, while handover_mean_height_m + handover_smoothing_width_m control how quickly the stand-level transition occurs.

[1]:

from pathlib import Path

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from pyforestry.base.helpers.primitives import SiteBase
from pyforestry.sweden.simulation.presets import (
    Elfving2010Pipeline,
    Elfving2010PipelineConfig,
    build_elfving_2010_pipeline,
)
from pyforestry.sweden.site import Sweden, SwedishSite
from pyforestry.sweden.siteindex.sis.generated_site_category_trees import (
    predict_site_categories_county_tree,
)
from pyforestry.sweden.siteindex.sis.hagglund_lundmark_1977 import Hagglund_Lundmark_1977_SIS

[2]:

class SwedishSiteDemo(SwedishSite):
    """Concrete wrapper for notebooks (implements SiteBase abstract method)."""

    def compute_attributes(self) -> None:
        SwedishSite.__post_init__(self)

    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
        SiteBase.__post_init__(self)

[3]:

site_index_pine_m = 20.0
site_index_spruce_m = 22.0
county = Sweden.County.KOPPARBERG_OVRIGA
site_category_species = "Pinus sylvestris"
requested_sis = site_index_pine_m

predicted_site_categories = predict_site_categories_county_tree(
    sis_hagglund_1979=requested_sis,
    species=site_category_species,
    Direktlan=county,
)

site = SwedishSiteDemo(
    latitude=60.5,
    longitude=15.0,
    altitude=150.0,
    field_layer=predicted_site_categories["field_layer"],
    bottom_layer=predicted_site_categories["bottom_layer"],
    soil_texture=predicted_site_categories["soil_texture"],
    soil_moisture=predicted_site_categories["soil_moisture"],
    soil_depth=predicted_site_categories["soil_depth"],
    soil_water=predicted_site_categories["soil_water"],
    ditched=predicted_site_categories["ditched"],
)

achieved_sis = Hagglund_Lundmark_1977_SIS(
    species=site_category_species,
    latitude=site.latitude,
    altitude=site.altitude or 0.0,
    soil_moisture=site.soil_moisture,
    ground_layer=site.bottom_layer or Sweden.BottomLayer.FRESH_MOSS,
    vegetation=site.field_layer,
    soil_texture=site.soil_texture or Sweden.SoilTextureTill.SANDY,
    climate_code=site.climate_zone or Sweden.ClimateZone.K1,
    lateral_water=site.soil_water or Sweden.SoilWater.SELDOM_NEVER,
    soil_depth=site.soil_depth or Sweden.SoilDepth.DEEP,
    incline_percent=site.incline_percent or 0.0,
    aspect=site.aspect or 0.0,
    nfi_adjustments=True,
    dlan=site.county or county,
    ditched=bool(site.ditched),
    peat=False,
    gotland=False,
    coast=(site.distance_to_coast or 9999.0) < 50.0,
    limes_norrlandicus=bool(site.n_of_limes_norrlandicus),
)

sis_closeness = {
    "requested_sis": requested_sis,
    "achieved_sis": float(achieved_sis),
    "sis_abs_error": abs(float(achieved_sis) - requested_sis),
    "sis_rel_error_pct": 100.0 * abs(float(achieved_sis) - requested_sis) / requested_sis,
}

display({"sis_closeness": sis_closeness, "predicted_site_categories": predicted_site_categories})

cube_path = Path("/tmp/pyforestry_elfving_2010_valuation_cube.nc")

config = Elfving2010PipelineConfig(
    site_index_pine_m=site_index_pine_m,
    site_index_spruce_m=site_index_spruce_m,
    initial_age_years=12.0,
    sample_trees=80,
    random_seed=42,
    dt_years=5.0,
    handover_dbh_cm=10.0,
    handover_mean_height_m=7.0,
    handover_smoothing_width_m=1.0,
    valuation_solution_cube_path=str(cube_path),
    valuation_solution_cube_autogenerate_if_missing=True,
    valuation_solution_cube_generate_workers=2,
)

preset = build_elfving_2010_pipeline(config)

# Builds the cube on first run, then reuses the cached file.
preset.ensure_valuation_solution_cube(
    path=str(cube_path),
    workers=config.valuation_solution_cube_generate_workers,
)
preset

{'sis_closeness': {'requested_sis': 20.0,
  'achieved_sis': 20.698654683125625,
  'sis_abs_error': 0.6986546831256248,
  'sis_rel_error_pct': 3.493273415628124},
 'predicted_site_categories': {'field_layer': <SwedenFieldLayer.LICHEN_FREQUENT: Vegetation(code=17, swedish_name='Lavrik', english_name='Lichen, frequent occurrence', index=-0.5)>,
  'bottom_layer': <SwedenBottomLayer.BOGMOSS_TYPE: BottomLayerType(code=4, english_name='Bogmoss type (Sphagnum)', swedish_name='Vitmosstyp')>,
  'soil_texture': <SwedenSoilTextureTill.SANDY_MOIG: SoilTextureCategory(code=4, swedish_name='Sandig-moig morän', english_name='Sandy-silty till', short_name='Medium sand')>,
  'soil_moisture': <SwedenSoilMoisture.MESIC: SoilMoistureData(code=2, swedish_description='frisk', english_description='Mesic (subsoil water depth = 1-2 m)')>,
  'soil_depth': <SwedenSoilDepth.DEEP: SoilDepthCat(code=1, swedish_description='Mäktigt >70 cm. Inga synliga hällar', english_description='Deep >70cm. No visible stone outcrops.')>,
  'soil_water': <SwedenSoilWater.SHORTER_PERIODS: SoilWaterCat(code=2, swedish_description='kortare perioder', english_description='Shorter periods')>,
  'ditched': False}}

Generating Solution Cube using 2 parallel processes...
Pricelist hash: 4058af6a860784c4a6ce94f561a4f484a0401624c2f3cc8405c3074570164174
Total trees to process: 168

Generating Solution Cube: 100%|██████████| 168/168 [00:48<00:00,  3.49it/s]


Finished parallel computation in 48.21 seconds.
Successfully created xarray Dataset.
Saving solution cube to /tmp/pyforestry_elfving_2010_valuation_cube.nc...
Save complete.
Loading solution cube from /tmp/pyforestry_elfving_2010_valuation_cube.nc...
Pricelist hash verified.
Cube loaded successfully.

[3]:

<pyforestry.sweden.simulation.presets.elfving_2010_pipeline.Elfving2010Pipeline at 0x7ff660d47d70>

[4]:

results = preset.run_projection(site=site, n_steps=30)
results

/home/runner/work/pyforestry/pyforestry/src/pyforestry/sweden/simulation/mortality/engine.py:452: UserWarning: Soderberg self-thinning annual probability exceeded [0, 1]; clamped.
  probabilities, adjusted, factors, diag = calibrate_soderberg(

Loading solution cube from /tmp/pyforestry_elfving_2010_valuation_cube.nc...
Pricelist hash verified.
Cube loaded successfully.

[4]:

	step_index	age_years	years_elapsed	stems_per_ha	mean_dbh_cm	mean_height_m	qmd_cm	hq_m	basal_area_m2_ha	standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha	...	birch_ba_share	handover_dbh_cm	handover_mean_height_m	handover_smoothing_width_m	phase_over_weight	young_damage_index_mean	young_damage_mortality_stems_removed_per_ha	mortality_fraction_mean	mortality_stems_removed_per_ha	young_stand_potential_q
0	0.0	12.0	0.0	6244.836223	1.160088	1.918334	1.717078	2.842679	1.446076	4.496444	...	0.280345	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.020369	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	77.405649
1	1.0	17.0	5.0	5908.674359	3.723783	3.101748	4.805095	4.353365	10.714795	33.963809	...	0.399829	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.026043	0.332107	336.161863	0.000000	0.000000	77.405649
2	2.0	22.0	10.0	5550.689031	5.248992	4.522355	6.714606	6.124363	19.655217	80.164338	...	0.357841	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.089333	0.304633	267.431934	0.025557	90.553394	77.405649
3	3.0	27.0	15.0	5155.787371	6.176141	5.668342	7.920347	7.906953	25.402312	125.554411	...	0.350014	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.252886	0.285739	230.941659	0.049156	163.960002	77.405649
4	4.0	32.0	20.0	4771.097075	6.911576	6.123854	8.886608	9.230598	29.592402	155.809700	...	0.333385	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.425136	0.290409	198.591669	0.060045	186.098627	77.405649
5	5.0	37.0	25.0	4382.269859	7.540848	6.778780	9.614655	11.067369	31.816795	179.806209	...	0.326846	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.397661	0.505103	198.380126	0.066713	190.447090	77.405649
6	6.0	42.0	30.0	4016.926255	8.153873	7.383881	10.313617	12.673264	33.558750	200.999074	...	0.320099	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.563326	0.517898	180.756170	0.070496	184.587433	77.405649
7	7.0	47.0	35.0	3679.230739	8.761359	7.953915	10.995712	13.005644	34.937647	219.777138	...	0.313630	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.705125	0.531285	163.332790	0.072910	174.362726	77.405649
8	8.0	52.0	40.0	3370.231445	9.369156	8.497383	11.668168	13.291059	36.037526	236.467046	...	0.307575	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.810059	0.545287	146.413942	0.074574	162.585352	77.405649
9	9.0	57.0	45.0	3089.434197	9.979890	9.018861	12.335058	13.719830	36.919113	251.337857	...	0.301817	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.880636	0.559934	130.243720	0.075759	150.553528	77.405649
10	10.0	62.0	50.0	2835.626417	10.594035	9.520410	12.998284	14.192401	37.627980	264.616746	...	0.296404	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.925559	0.575250	115.006339	0.076615	138.801440	77.405649
11	11.0	67.0	55.0	2708.036068	10.792965	9.629840	13.401428	14.551632	38.198514	276.492298	...	0.291301	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999161	0.000000	0.000000	0.077115	127.590349	77.405649
12	12.0	72.0	60.0	2590.878683	10.965539	9.701643	13.783091	14.839674	38.657183	287.127491	...	0.286467	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999487	0.000000	0.000000	0.077347	117.157386	77.405649
13	13.0	77.0	65.0	2483.378793	11.114274	9.740641	14.145055	15.124438	39.024927	296.658483	...	0.281966	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999675	0.000000	0.000000	0.077409	107.499890	77.405649
14	14.0	82.0	70.0	2384.733751	11.241172	9.750914	14.488761	15.365486	39.318075	305.203906	...	0.277621	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999788	0.000000	0.000000	0.077297	98.645042	77.405649
15	15.0	87.0	75.0	2294.203347	11.348118	9.736075	14.815395	15.628808	39.550159	312.868195	...	0.273456	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999858	0.000000	0.000000	0.077022	90.530404	77.405649
16	16.0	92.0	80.0	2211.083701	11.436786	9.702229	15.125962	15.808457	39.732060	319.836962	...	0.269493	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999903	0.000000	0.000000	0.076612	83.119646	77.405649
17	17.0	97.0	85.0	2134.760093	11.508413	9.655159	15.421193	16.037550	39.872632	326.304062	...	0.265374	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999932	0.000000	0.000000	0.076124	76.323608	77.405649
18	18.0	102.0	90.0	2064.603609	11.564655	9.590973	15.702089	16.251477	39.979873	332.138256	...	0.261364	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999952	0.000000	0.000000	0.075534	70.156484	77.405649
19	19.0	107.0	95.0	2000.080175	11.606806	9.511978	15.969320	16.451129	40.059926	337.400853	...	0.257433	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999966	0.000000	0.000000	0.074842	64.523434	77.405649
20	20.0	112.0	100.0	1940.682704	11.636096	9.420243	16.223584	16.637394	40.117884	342.147683	...	0.253576	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999975	0.000000	0.000000	0.074020	59.397471	77.405649
21	21.0	117.0	105.0	1885.966932	11.653553	9.317630	16.465434	16.810752	40.157840	346.431360	...	0.249676	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999981	0.000000	0.000000	0.073025	54.715772	77.405649
22	22.0	122.0	110.0	1835.505689	11.660434	9.205852	16.695619	16.972230	40.183769	350.295042	...	0.245832	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999986	0.000000	0.000000	0.071991	50.461243	77.405649
23	23.0	127.0	115.0	1788.901943	11.657743	9.086389	16.914810	17.121392	40.198575	353.779993	...	0.242030	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999989	0.000000	0.000000	0.070915	46.603747	77.405649
24	24.0	132.0	120.0	1745.825086	11.646434	8.960620	17.123538	17.260464	40.204772	356.921314	...	0.238237	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999992	0.000000	0.000000	0.069772	43.076856	77.405649
25	25.0	137.0	125.0	1705.962255	11.627420	8.829764	17.322363	17.390175	40.204398	359.748978	...	0.234454	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999993	0.000000	0.000000	0.068556	39.862831	77.405649
26	26.0	142.0	130.0	1669.009541	11.601550	8.694822	17.511920	17.511062	40.199091	362.289089	...	0.230728	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999995	0.000000	0.000000	0.067332	36.952714	77.405649
27	27.0	147.0	135.0	1634.729058	11.569511	8.556802	17.692598	17.623757	40.190083	364.568130	...	0.226973	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999996	0.000000	0.000000	0.065942	34.280484	77.405649
28	28.0	152.0	140.0	1602.868007	11.532006	8.416463	17.865013	17.729871	40.178557	366.609546	...	0.223212	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999996	0.000000	0.000000	0.064556	31.861051	77.405649
29	29.0	157.0	145.0	1573.222732	11.489687	8.274553	18.029599	17.880017	40.165415	368.430747	...	0.219432	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999997	0.000000	0.000000	0.063158	29.645274	77.405649
30	30.0	162.0	150.0	1545.592421	11.443142	8.131647	18.186838	17.974705	40.151269	370.045542	...	0.215678	10.0	7.0	1.0	0.999997	0.000000	0.000000	0.061762	27.630311	77.405649

31 rows × 28 columns

[5]:

fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 2, figsize=(11, 9), sharex=True)
axes = axes.flatten()

axes[0].plot(results["age_years"], results["qmd_cm"], marker="o")
axes[0].set_ylabel("QMD (cm)")

axes[1].plot(results["age_years"], results["basal_area_m2_ha"], marker="o")
axes[1].set_ylabel("Basal area (m²/ha)")

axes[2].plot(results["age_years"], results["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"], marker="o")
axes[2].set_ylabel("Standing volume (m³/ha)")

axes[3].plot(results["age_years"], results["standing_value_sek_per_ha"], marker="o")
axes[3].set_ylabel("Standing value (SEK/ha)")

axes[4].plot(results["age_years"], results["hq_m"], marker="o")
axes[4].set_ylabel("HQ (m)")
axes[4].set_xlabel("Age (years)")

axes[5].plot(
    results["age_years"],
    results["mortality_fraction_mean"],
    marker="o",
    label="Mortality",
)
axes[5].plot(
    results["age_years"],
    results["young_damage_index_mean"],
    marker="o",
    label="Young damage index",
)
axes[5].set_ylabel("Fraction")
axes[5].set_xlabel("Age (years)")
axes[5].legend()

for ax in axes:
    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)

fig.suptitle("Elfving 2010 composite preset (5-year steps)", fontsize=12)
fig.tight_layout()

../_images/notebooks_elfving_2010_preset_6_0.png

[6]:

results[[
    "step_index",
    "age_years",
    "stems_per_ha",
    "qmd_cm",
    "hq_m",
    "phase_over_weight",
    "young_damage_index_mean",
    "mortality_fraction_mean",
    "standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha",
    "standing_value_sek_per_ha",
]]

[6]:

	step_index	age_years	stems_per_ha	qmd_cm	hq_m	phase_over_weight	young_damage_index_mean	mortality_fraction_mean	standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha	standing_value_sek_per_ha
0	0.0	12.0	6244.836223	1.717078	2.842679	0.020369	0.000000	0.000000	4.496444	0.000000
1	1.0	17.0	5908.674359	4.805095	4.353365	0.026043	0.332107	0.000000	33.963809	1211.826847
2	2.0	22.0	5550.689031	6.714606	6.124363	0.089333	0.304633	0.025557	80.164338	13981.675844
3	3.0	27.0	5155.787371	7.920347	7.906953	0.252886	0.285739	0.049156	125.554411	22603.566895
4	4.0	32.0	4771.097075	8.886608	9.230598	0.425136	0.290409	0.060045	155.809700	28614.249245
5	5.0	37.0	4382.269859	9.614655	11.067369	0.397661	0.505103	0.066713	179.806209	34250.517477
6	6.0	42.0	4016.926255	10.313617	12.673264	0.563326	0.517898	0.070496	200.999074	41959.996125
7	7.0	47.0	3679.230739	10.995712	13.005644	0.705125	0.531285	0.072910	219.777138	48124.991824
8	8.0	52.0	3370.231445	11.668168	13.291059	0.810059	0.545287	0.074574	236.467046	53137.994952
9	9.0	57.0	3089.434197	12.335058	13.719830	0.880636	0.559934	0.075759	251.337857	58736.571923
10	10.0	62.0	2835.626417	12.998284	14.192401	0.925559	0.575250	0.076615	264.616746	57308.461378
11	11.0	67.0	2708.036068	13.401428	14.551632	0.999161	0.000000	0.077115	276.492298	60809.717826
12	12.0	72.0	2590.878683	13.783091	14.839674	0.999487	0.000000	0.077347	287.127491	61239.472098
13	13.0	77.0	2483.378793	14.145055	15.124438	0.999675	0.000000	0.077409	296.658483	64175.790577
14	14.0	82.0	2384.733751	14.488761	15.365486	0.999788	0.000000	0.077297	305.203906	70228.217562
15	15.0	87.0	2294.203347	14.815395	15.628808	0.999858	0.000000	0.077022	312.868195	71754.601135
16	16.0	92.0	2211.083701	15.125962	15.808457	0.999903	0.000000	0.076612	319.836962	73783.656429
17	17.0	97.0	2134.760093	15.421193	16.037550	0.999932	0.000000	0.076124	326.304062	75637.633509
18	18.0	102.0	2064.603609	15.702089	16.251477	0.999952	0.000000	0.075534	332.138256	78830.315979
19	19.0	107.0	2000.080175	15.969320	16.451129	0.999966	0.000000	0.074842	337.400853	85780.329942
20	20.0	112.0	1940.682704	16.223584	16.637394	0.999975	0.000000	0.074020	342.147683	85684.887883
21	21.0	117.0	1885.966932	16.465434	16.810752	0.999981	0.000000	0.073025	346.431360	88938.453378
22	22.0	122.0	1835.505689	16.695619	16.972230	0.999986	0.000000	0.071991	350.295042	91012.230664
23	23.0	127.0	1788.901943	16.914810	17.121392	0.999989	0.000000	0.070915	353.779993	90974.355625
24	24.0	132.0	1745.825086	17.123538	17.260464	0.999992	0.000000	0.069772	356.921314	94368.225389
25	25.0	137.0	1705.962255	17.322363	17.390175	0.999993	0.000000	0.068556	359.748978	100042.708530
26	26.0	142.0	1669.009541	17.511920	17.511062	0.999995	0.000000	0.067332	362.289089	99830.508067
27	27.0	147.0	1634.729058	17.692598	17.623757	0.999996	0.000000	0.065942	364.568130	104161.865132
28	28.0	152.0	1602.868007	17.865013	17.729871	0.999996	0.000000	0.064556	366.609546	105907.748281
29	29.0	157.0	1573.222732	18.029599	17.880017	0.999997	0.000000	0.063158	368.430747	106933.993688
30	30.0	162.0	1545.592421	18.186838	17.974705	0.999997	0.000000	0.061762	370.045542	107308.550808

Genetic algorithm: best thinning routine (perpetuity objective)#

This section uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to find a thinning routine that maximizes a perpetuity objective (NPV/EAV/LEV), while still simulating multiple generations for robust trajectory behavior.

Assumptions:

0-4 thinnings per generation (from below, by basal-area fraction).
Mandatory clear-cut at the end of each rotation.
Replant/regenerate by calling preset.initialize(site=site) exactly as at stand instantiation.
No site-index or productivity drift over time (config unchanged, deterministic seed).

[7]:

import copy
import io
import math
import os
import warnings
from contextlib import redirect_stderr, redirect_stdout

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from joblib import Parallel, delayed

warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore",
    message="Soderberg self-thinning annual probability exceeded .*",
)

GA_ROTATION_YEARS = 70
GA_NUM_GENERATIONS = 4
GA_DISCOUNT_RATE = 0.03
GA_MAX_THINNINGS = 4
GA_REGENERATION_COST_SEK_PER_HA = 0.0

GA_DT_YEARS = float(config.dt_years)
GA_AGE_MIN = GA_DT_YEARS
GA_AGE_MAX = GA_ROTATION_YEARS - GA_DT_YEARS
GA_INTENSITY_MIN = 0.10
GA_INTENSITY_MAX = 0.50
GA_GRADE_MIN = -1.0
GA_GRADE_MAX = 1.0
GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN = 0.25
GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX = 3.0
GA_REGEN_YEARS = float(max(0.0, config.initial_age_years))

if abs((GA_ROTATION_YEARS / GA_DT_YEARS) - round(GA_ROTATION_YEARS / GA_DT_YEARS)) > 1e-9:
    raise ValueError("GA_ROTATION_YEARS must be divisible by config.dt_years")


def ga_quiet_call(func, /, *args, **kwargs):
    with io.StringIO() as stdout_buffer, io.StringIO() as stderr_buffer:
        with redirect_stdout(stdout_buffer), redirect_stderr(stderr_buffer):
            return func(*args, **kwargs)


def ga_tree_basal_area_m2_ha(tree) -> float:
    d_cm = float(tree.diameter_cm or 0.0)
    w = float(tree.weight_n or 0.0)
    if d_cm <= 0.0 or w <= 0.0:
        return 0.0
    return math.pi * (d_cm / 200.0) ** 2 * w


def ga_species_group(tree) -> str:
    species = getattr(tree, "species", None)
    full_name = str(getattr(species, "full_name", "") or "").lower()
    if "picea" in full_name:
        return "spruce"
    if "pinus" in full_name or "larix" in full_name:
        return "pine"
    return "broadleaf"


def ga_parse_thinning_decision(decision) -> dict[str, float]:
    if isinstance(decision, (float, int)):
        return {
            "intensity": float(np.clip(float(decision), GA_INTENSITY_MIN, GA_INTENSITY_MAX)),
            "grade": -1.0,
            "spruce_weight": 1.0,
            "pine_weight": 1.0,
            "broadleaf_weight": 1.0,
        }

    if len(decision) == 2:
        _age_year, intensity = decision
        return {
            "intensity": float(np.clip(float(intensity), GA_INTENSITY_MIN, GA_INTENSITY_MAX)),
            "grade": -1.0,
            "spruce_weight": 1.0,
            "pine_weight": 1.0,
            "broadleaf_weight": 1.0,
        }

    if len(decision) != 6:
        raise ValueError("Thinning decision must be float/int, (age, intensity), or 6-tuple")

    _age_year, intensity, grade, w_spruce, w_pine, w_broadleaf = decision
    return {
        "intensity": float(np.clip(float(intensity), GA_INTENSITY_MIN, GA_INTENSITY_MAX)),
        "grade": float(np.clip(float(grade), GA_GRADE_MIN, GA_GRADE_MAX)),
        "spruce_weight": float(
            np.clip(float(w_spruce), GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)
        ),
        "pine_weight": float(np.clip(float(w_pine), GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)),
        "broadleaf_weight": float(
            np.clip(float(w_broadleaf), GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)
        ),
    }


def ga_apply_targeted_thinning(preset, thinning_decision) -> dict[str, float]:
    decision = ga_parse_thinning_decision(thinning_decision)
    frac = float(np.clip(decision["intensity"], 0.0, 0.95))

    if frac <= 0.0:
        return {
            "harvest_value_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "harvest_volume_m3_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_basal_area_m2_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_spruce_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_pine_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "thinning_grade": float(decision["grade"]),
            "spruce_weight": float(decision["spruce_weight"]),
            "pine_weight": float(decision["pine_weight"]),
            "broadleaf_weight": float(decision["broadleaf_weight"]),
        }

    candidates = [
        t
        for t in preset.tree_list
        if float(t.weight_n or 0.0) > 0.0 and float(t.diameter_cm or 0.0) > 0.0
    ]
    if not candidates:
        return {
            "harvest_value_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "harvest_volume_m3_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_basal_area_m2_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_spruce_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_pine_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "thinning_grade": float(decision["grade"]),
            "spruce_weight": float(decision["spruce_weight"]),
            "pine_weight": float(decision["pine_weight"]),
            "broadleaf_weight": float(decision["broadleaf_weight"]),
        }

    total_ba = sum(ga_tree_basal_area_m2_ha(t) for t in candidates)
    target_ba = total_ba * frac
    if target_ba <= 1e-12:
        return {
            "harvest_value_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "harvest_volume_m3_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_basal_area_m2_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_spruce_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_pine_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha": 0.0,
            "thinning_grade": float(decision["grade"]),
            "spruce_weight": float(decision["spruce_weight"]),
            "pine_weight": float(decision["pine_weight"]),
            "broadleaf_weight": float(decision["broadleaf_weight"]),
        }

    dbh_vals = np.array([float(t.diameter_cm or 0.0) for t in candidates], dtype=float)
    dbh_min = float(np.min(dbh_vals))
    dbh_max = float(np.max(dbh_vals))
    dbh_span = max(1e-6, dbh_max - dbh_min)
    grade = float(decision["grade"])
    alpha = (grade + 1.0) / 2.0  # -1 => 0 (from below), +1 => 1 (from above)

    species_weights = {
        "spruce": float(decision["spruce_weight"]),
        "pine": float(decision["pine_weight"]),
        "broadleaf": float(decision["broadleaf_weight"]),
    }

    scored_candidates: list[tuple[float, object]] = []
    for tree in candidates:
        dbh = float(tree.diameter_cm or 0.0)
        dbh_norm = float((dbh - dbh_min) / dbh_span)
        dbh_priority = (1.0 - alpha) * (1.0 - dbh_norm) + alpha * dbh_norm
        sp_group = ga_species_group(tree)
        sp_weight = species_weights[sp_group]
        priority = sp_weight * (0.5 + dbh_priority)
        scored_candidates.append((priority, tree))

    scored_candidates.sort(key=lambda item: (item[0], float(item[1].diameter_cm or 0.0)), reverse=True)

    removed_records = []
    removed_ba = 0.0
    removed_stems = 0.0
    removed_species_stems = {"spruce": 0.0, "pine": 0.0, "broadleaf": 0.0}

    for _priority, tree in scored_candidates:
        if removed_ba >= target_ba - 1e-12:
            break

        tree_ba = ga_tree_basal_area_m2_ha(tree)
        weight = float(tree.weight_n or 0.0)
        if tree_ba <= 0.0 or weight <= 0.0:
            continue

        take_ratio = min(1.0, (target_ba - removed_ba) / tree_ba)
        take_weight = weight * take_ratio
        if take_weight <= 0.0:
            continue

        removed_tree = copy.copy(tree)
        removed_tree.weight_n = take_weight
        removed_records.append(removed_tree)

        tree.weight_n = weight - take_weight
        removed_stems += take_weight
        removed_ba += tree_ba * take_ratio
        removed_species_stems[ga_species_group(tree)] += take_weight

    preset._trees = [t for t in preset.tree_list if float(t.weight_n or 0.0) > 1e-9]

    harvest = preset.value_standing_forest(removed_records) if removed_records else {
        "standing_value_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
        "standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha": 0.0,
    }
    return {
        "harvest_value_sek_per_ha": float(harvest["standing_value_sek_per_ha"]),
        "harvest_volume_m3_per_ha": float(harvest["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"]),
        "removed_stems_per_ha": float(removed_stems),
        "removed_basal_area_m2_ha": float(removed_ba),
        "removed_spruce_stems_per_ha": float(removed_species_stems["spruce"]),
        "removed_pine_stems_per_ha": float(removed_species_stems["pine"]),
        "removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha": float(removed_species_stems["broadleaf"]),
        "thinning_grade": float(grade),
        "spruce_weight": float(species_weights["spruce"]),
        "pine_weight": float(species_weights["pine"]),
        "broadleaf_weight": float(species_weights["broadleaf"]),
    }


def ga_decode_genome(genome: list[float]) -> tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...]:
    n_thinnings = int(np.clip(round(genome[0]), 0, GA_MAX_THINNINGS))
    entries: list[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float]] = []

    for idx in range(GA_MAX_THINNINGS):
        base = 1 + idx * 6
        age_gene = float(genome[base])
        intensity_gene = float(genome[base + 1])
        grade_gene = float(genome[base + 2])
        spruce_weight_gene = float(genome[base + 3])
        pine_weight_gene = float(genome[base + 4])
        broadleaf_weight_gene = float(genome[base + 5])

        age_year = int(
            np.clip(
                round(age_gene / GA_DT_YEARS) * GA_DT_YEARS,
                GA_AGE_MIN,
                GA_AGE_MAX,
            )
        )
        intensity = float(np.clip(intensity_gene, GA_INTENSITY_MIN, GA_INTENSITY_MAX))
        grade = float(np.clip(grade_gene, GA_GRADE_MIN, GA_GRADE_MAX))
        w_spruce = float(
            np.clip(spruce_weight_gene, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)
        )
        w_pine = float(np.clip(pine_weight_gene, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX))
        w_broadleaf = float(
            np.clip(broadleaf_weight_gene, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)
        )
        entries.append((age_year, intensity, grade, w_spruce, w_pine, w_broadleaf))

    entries.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
    selected: list[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float]] = []
    used_ages: set[int] = set()

    for age_year, intensity, grade, w_spruce, w_pine, w_broadleaf in entries:
        if len(selected) >= n_thinnings:
            break
        if age_year in used_ages:
            continue
        selected.append(
            (
                age_year,
                round(intensity, 3),
                round(grade, 3),
                round(w_spruce, 3),
                round(w_pine, 3),
                round(w_broadleaf, 3),
            )
        )
        used_ages.add(age_year)

    if len(selected) < n_thinnings:
        for age_year in range(int(GA_AGE_MIN), int(GA_AGE_MAX) + 1, int(GA_DT_YEARS)):
            if len(selected) >= n_thinnings:
                break
            if age_year in used_ages:
                continue
            selected.append(
                (
                    age_year,
                    round((GA_INTENSITY_MIN + GA_INTENSITY_MAX) / 2.0, 3),
                    -1.0,
                    1.0,
                    1.0,
                    1.0,
                )
            )
            used_ages.add(age_year)

    selected.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
    return tuple(selected)


GA_PRESET_CACHE: dict[str, object] = {}


def ga_get_cached_preset(config_arg):
    key = repr(config_arg)
    preset = GA_PRESET_CACHE.get(key)
    if preset is None:
        preset = build_elfving_2010_pipeline(config_arg)
        shared_cube = ga_quiet_call(preset._load_solution_cube)
        preset._load_solution_cube = lambda: shared_cube  # type: ignore[method-assign]
        GA_PRESET_CACHE[key] = preset
    return preset


def ga_accounting_metrics(
    cashflows: pd.DataFrame,
    *,
    discount_rate: float,
    accounting_method: str,
) -> dict[str, float | str]:
    if cashflows.empty:
        return {
            "accounting_method": accounting_method,
            "discount_rate": float(discount_rate),
            "objective_value": 0.0,
            "perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year": 0.0,
            "perpetuity_lev_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "perpetuity_annuity_sek_per_ha_year": 0.0,
            "horizon_npv_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "horizon_eav_sek_per_ha_year": 0.0,
            "faustmann_lev_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
            "faustmann_annuity_sek_per_ha_year": 0.0,
            "horizon_years": 0.0,
            "cycle_length_years": float(GA_ROTATION_YEARS + GA_REGEN_YEARS),
            "cycle_pv_sek_per_ha": 0.0,
        }

    rate = float(discount_rate)
    if rate < 0.0:
        raise ValueError("discount_rate must be >= 0")

    horizon_years = float(cashflows["year"].max())
    cycle_length_years = float(GA_ROTATION_YEARS + GA_REGEN_YEARS)
    first_cycle_end = float(GA_ROTATION_YEARS)
    cycle_cashflows = cashflows.loc[cashflows["year"] <= first_cycle_end + 1e-9].copy()
    cycle_pv = float(
        (
            cycle_cashflows["cashflow_sek_per_ha"]
            / ((1.0 + rate) ** cycle_cashflows["year"])
        ).sum()
    )

    if rate > 0.0:
        cycle_discount = (1.0 + rate) ** (-cycle_length_years)
        denom = 1.0 - cycle_discount
        perpetuity_npv = float(cycle_pv / denom) if denom > 1e-12 else 0.0
        perpetuity_eav = float(perpetuity_npv * rate)
    else:
        # Zero-discount fallback keeps metrics finite for diagnostics.
        perpetuity_npv = float(cycle_pv)
        perpetuity_eav = float(cycle_pv / max(1.0, cycle_length_years))

    perpetuity_lev = float(perpetuity_npv)

    method_key = accounting_method.strip().lower()
    if method_key in {"perpetuity_npv", "horizon_npv", "faustmann_lev", "perpetuity_lev"}:
        objective_value = perpetuity_npv
    elif method_key in {
        "perpetuity_eav",
        "horizon_eav",
        "faustmann_annuity",
        "perpetuity_annuity",
    }:
        objective_value = perpetuity_eav
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            "accounting_method must be one of: perpetuity_npv, perpetuity_eav, "
            "perpetuity_lev, perpetuity_annuity (legacy aliases: horizon_npv, "
            "horizon_eav, faustmann_lev, faustmann_annuity)"
        )

    # Backward-compatible aliases map to perpetuity metrics.
    horizon_npv = float(perpetuity_npv)
    horizon_eav = float(perpetuity_eav)
    faustmann_lev = float(perpetuity_lev)
    faustmann_annuity = float(perpetuity_eav)

    return {
        "accounting_method": method_key,
        "discount_rate": rate,
        "objective_value": float(objective_value),
        "perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha": float(perpetuity_npv),
        "perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year": float(perpetuity_eav),
        "perpetuity_lev_sek_per_ha": float(perpetuity_lev),
        "perpetuity_annuity_sek_per_ha_year": float(perpetuity_eav),
        "horizon_npv_sek_per_ha": horizon_npv,
        "horizon_eav_sek_per_ha_year": horizon_eav,
        "faustmann_lev_sek_per_ha": faustmann_lev,
        "faustmann_annuity_sek_per_ha_year": faustmann_annuity,
        "horizon_years": horizon_years,
        "cycle_length_years": cycle_length_years,
        "cycle_pv_sek_per_ha": float(cycle_pv),
    }


def _ga_simulate_with_preset(
    preset,
    schedule: tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...],
    site_arg,
    *,
    discount_rate: float = GA_DISCOUNT_RATE,
    accounting_method: str = "perpetuity_npv",
    return_trace: bool = False,
    return_metrics: bool = False,
):
    preset.initialize(site=site_arg)
    base_asinw = float(preset._regen_asinw)

    steps_per_rotation = int(round(GA_ROTATION_YEARS / GA_DT_YEARS))
    thinning_by_step = {
        int(round(decision[0] / GA_DT_YEARS)): decision for decision in schedule
    }

    events: list[dict[str, float | int | str]] = []

    for generation in range(1, GA_NUM_GENERATIONS + 1):
        for step_idx in range(1, steps_per_rotation + 1):
            preset.step(dt_years=GA_DT_YEARS)
            thinning_decision = thinning_by_step.get(step_idx)

            if thinning_decision is not None:
                decision = ga_parse_thinning_decision(thinning_decision)
                thinning = ga_apply_targeted_thinning(preset, thinning_decision)
                if thinning["harvest_value_sek_per_ha"] > 0.0:
                    generation_start_year = (generation - 1) * (GA_ROTATION_YEARS + GA_REGEN_YEARS)
                    event_year = generation_start_year + step_idx * GA_DT_YEARS
                    events.append(
                        {
                            "generation": generation,
                            "year": float(event_year),
                            "event": "thinning",
                            "cashflow_sek_per_ha": float(thinning["harvest_value_sek_per_ha"]),
                            "volume_m3_per_ha": float(thinning["harvest_volume_m3_per_ha"]),
                            "thinning_intensity": float(decision["intensity"]),
                            "thinning_grade": float(decision["grade"]),
                            "spruce_weight": float(decision["spruce_weight"]),
                            "pine_weight": float(decision["pine_weight"]),
                            "broadleaf_weight": float(decision["broadleaf_weight"]),
                        }
                    )

        clearcut = preset.value_standing_forest()
        generation_start_year = (generation - 1) * (GA_ROTATION_YEARS + GA_REGEN_YEARS)
        clearcut_year = float(generation_start_year + GA_ROTATION_YEARS)
        events.append(
            {
                "generation": generation,
                "year": clearcut_year,
                "event": "clearcut",
                "cashflow_sek_per_ha": float(clearcut["standing_value_sek_per_ha"]),
                "volume_m3_per_ha": float(clearcut["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"]),
            }
        )

        if GA_REGENERATION_COST_SEK_PER_HA > 0.0:
            events.append(
                {
                    "generation": generation,
                    "year": clearcut_year,
                    "event": "regeneration_cost",
                    "cashflow_sek_per_ha": -float(GA_REGENERATION_COST_SEK_PER_HA),
                    "volume_m3_per_ha": 0.0,
                }
            )

        if generation < GA_NUM_GENERATIONS:
            preset.initialize(site=site_arg)
            if abs(float(preset._regen_asinw) - base_asinw) > 1e-9:
                raise RuntimeError("Regeneration productivity changed between generations.")

    cashflows = pd.DataFrame(events)
    cashflows["pv_sek_per_ha"] = cashflows["cashflow_sek_per_ha"] / (
        (1.0 + float(discount_rate)) ** cashflows["year"]
    )
    metrics = ga_accounting_metrics(
        cashflows,
        discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
        accounting_method=accounting_method,
    )
    objective_value = float(metrics["objective_value"])

    if return_trace and return_metrics:
        return objective_value, cashflows, metrics
    if return_trace:
        return objective_value, cashflows
    if return_metrics:
        return objective_value, metrics
    return objective_value


def ga_simulate_schedule(
    schedule: tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...],
    *,
    config_arg,
    site_arg,
    discount_rate: float = GA_DISCOUNT_RATE,
    accounting_method: str = "perpetuity_npv",
    return_trace: bool = False,
    return_metrics: bool = False,
):
    preset = ga_get_cached_preset(config_arg)
    return ga_quiet_call(
        _ga_simulate_with_preset,
        preset,
        schedule,
        site_arg,
        discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
        accounting_method=accounting_method,
        return_trace=return_trace,
        return_metrics=return_metrics,
    )


def _ga_standing_state(preset) -> dict[str, float]:
    standing = preset.value_standing_forest()
    return {
        "stems_per_ha": float(sum(max(0.0, float(t.weight_n or 0.0)) for t in preset.tree_list)),
        "basal_area_m2_ha": float(sum(ga_tree_basal_area_m2_ha(t) for t in preset.tree_list)),
        "standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha": float(standing["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"]),
        "standing_value_sek_per_ha": float(standing["standing_value_sek_per_ha"]),
    }


def _ga_build_flow_trajectory_with_preset(
    preset,
    schedule: tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...],
    site_arg,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
    preset.initialize(site=site_arg)
    base_asinw = float(preset._regen_asinw)

    steps_per_rotation = int(round(GA_ROTATION_YEARS / GA_DT_YEARS))
    thinning_by_step = {
        int(round(decision[0] / GA_DT_YEARS)): decision for decision in schedule
    }

    rows: list[dict[str, float | int | str]] = []

    def record(
        *,
        generation: int,
        year: float,
        event: str,
        thinning_intensity: float = 0.0,
        thinning_grade: float = 0.0,
        spruce_weight: float = 0.0,
        pine_weight: float = 0.0,
        broadleaf_weight: float = 0.0,
        removed_spruce_stems_per_ha: float = 0.0,
        removed_pine_stems_per_ha: float = 0.0,
        removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha: float = 0.0,
        harvest_value_sek_per_ha: float = 0.0,
        harvest_volume_m3_per_ha: float = 0.0,
    ) -> None:
        state = _ga_standing_state(preset)
        rows.append(
            {
                "generation": int(generation),
                "year": float(year),
                "event": event,
                "thinning_intensity": float(thinning_intensity),
                "thinning_grade": float(thinning_grade),
                "spruce_weight": float(spruce_weight),
                "pine_weight": float(pine_weight),
                "broadleaf_weight": float(broadleaf_weight),
                "removed_spruce_stems_per_ha": float(removed_spruce_stems_per_ha),
                "removed_pine_stems_per_ha": float(removed_pine_stems_per_ha),
                "removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha": float(removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha),
                "harvest_value_sek_per_ha": float(harvest_value_sek_per_ha),
                "harvest_volume_m3_per_ha": float(harvest_volume_m3_per_ha),
                **state,
            }
        )

    record(generation=1, year=0.0, event="start")

    for generation in range(1, GA_NUM_GENERATIONS + 1):
        for step_idx in range(1, steps_per_rotation + 1):
            preset.step(dt_years=GA_DT_YEARS)
            generation_start_year = (generation - 1) * (GA_ROTATION_YEARS + GA_REGEN_YEARS)
            event_year = generation_start_year + step_idx * GA_DT_YEARS
            record(generation=generation, year=float(event_year), event="growth")

            thinning_decision = thinning_by_step.get(step_idx)
            if thinning_decision is None:
                continue

            decision = ga_parse_thinning_decision(thinning_decision)
            thinning = ga_apply_targeted_thinning(preset, thinning_decision)
            record(
                generation=generation,
                year=float(event_year),
                event="thinning",
                thinning_intensity=float(decision["intensity"]),
                thinning_grade=float(decision["grade"]),
                spruce_weight=float(decision["spruce_weight"]),
                pine_weight=float(decision["pine_weight"]),
                broadleaf_weight=float(decision["broadleaf_weight"]),
                removed_spruce_stems_per_ha=float(thinning["removed_spruce_stems_per_ha"]),
                removed_pine_stems_per_ha=float(thinning["removed_pine_stems_per_ha"]),
                removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha=float(thinning["removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha"]),
                harvest_value_sek_per_ha=float(thinning["harvest_value_sek_per_ha"]),
                harvest_volume_m3_per_ha=float(thinning["harvest_volume_m3_per_ha"]),
            )

        clearcut = preset.value_standing_forest()
        generation_start_year = (generation - 1) * (GA_ROTATION_YEARS + GA_REGEN_YEARS)
        clearcut_year = float(generation_start_year + GA_ROTATION_YEARS)
        record(
            generation=generation,
            year=clearcut_year,
            event="clearcut",
            harvest_value_sek_per_ha=float(clearcut["standing_value_sek_per_ha"]),
            harvest_volume_m3_per_ha=float(clearcut["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"]),
        )

        if generation < GA_NUM_GENERATIONS:
            preset.initialize(site=site_arg)
            if abs(float(preset._regen_asinw) - base_asinw) > 1e-9:
                raise RuntimeError("Regeneration productivity changed between generations.")
            record(
                generation=generation + 1,
                year=clearcut_year + GA_REGEN_YEARS,
                event="regenerate",
            )

    return pd.DataFrame.from_records(rows)


def ga_build_flow_trajectory(
    schedule: tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...],
    *,
    config_arg,
    site_arg,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
    preset = ga_get_cached_preset(config_arg)
    return ga_quiet_call(_ga_build_flow_trajectory_with_preset, preset, schedule, site_arg)


def ga_evaluate_population(
    population,
    *,
    config_arg,
    site_arg,
    discount_rate: float = GA_DISCOUNT_RATE,
    accounting_method: str = "perpetuity_npv",
    parallel=None,
):
    decoded_schedules = [ga_decode_genome(genome) for genome in population]
    unique_schedules = sorted(set(decoded_schedules))

    if parallel is None:
        fitness_values = [
            ga_simulate_schedule(
                schedule,
                config_arg=config_arg,
                site_arg=site_arg,
                discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
                accounting_method=accounting_method,
            )
            for schedule in unique_schedules
        ]
    else:
        # Keep parent-side globals picklable when dispatching jobs.
        GA_PRESET_CACHE.clear()
        fitness_values = parallel(
            delayed(ga_simulate_schedule)(
                schedule,
                config_arg=config_arg,
                site_arg=site_arg,
                discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
                accounting_method=accounting_method,
            )
            for schedule in unique_schedules
        )

    schedule_to_fitness = dict(zip(unique_schedules, fitness_values))
    fitness = [float(schedule_to_fitness[schedule]) for schedule in decoded_schedules]
    return fitness, decoded_schedules


def ga_random_genome(rng: np.random.Generator) -> list[float]:
    genes = [float(rng.integers(0, GA_MAX_THINNINGS + 1))]
    for _ in range(GA_MAX_THINNINGS):
        genes.append(float(rng.uniform(GA_AGE_MIN, GA_AGE_MAX)))
        genes.append(float(rng.uniform(GA_INTENSITY_MIN, GA_INTENSITY_MAX)))
        genes.append(float(rng.uniform(GA_GRADE_MIN, GA_GRADE_MAX)))
        genes.append(float(rng.uniform(GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)))
        genes.append(float(rng.uniform(GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)))
        genes.append(float(rng.uniform(GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN, GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX)))
    return genes


def ga_mutate(genome: list[float], rng: np.random.Generator, *, rate: float) -> list[float]:
    out = genome.copy()

    if rng.random() < rate:
        out[0] = float(np.clip(round(out[0] + rng.integers(-1, 2)), 0, GA_MAX_THINNINGS))

    for idx in range(GA_MAX_THINNINGS):
        base = 1 + idx * 6
        age_idx = base
        intensity_idx = base + 1
        grade_idx = base + 2
        spruce_idx = base + 3
        pine_idx = base + 4
        broadleaf_idx = base + 5

        if rng.random() < rate:
            out[age_idx] = float(np.clip(out[age_idx] + rng.normal(0.0, 8.0), GA_AGE_MIN, GA_AGE_MAX))

        if rng.random() < rate:
            out[intensity_idx] = float(
                np.clip(
                    out[intensity_idx] + rng.normal(0.0, 0.06),
                    GA_INTENSITY_MIN,
                    GA_INTENSITY_MAX,
                )
            )

        if rng.random() < rate:
            out[grade_idx] = float(
                np.clip(out[grade_idx] + rng.normal(0.0, 0.18), GA_GRADE_MIN, GA_GRADE_MAX)
            )

        if rng.random() < rate:
            out[spruce_idx] = float(
                np.clip(
                    out[spruce_idx] + rng.normal(0.0, 0.35),
                    GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN,
                    GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX,
                )
            )

        if rng.random() < rate:
            out[pine_idx] = float(
                np.clip(
                    out[pine_idx] + rng.normal(0.0, 0.35),
                    GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN,
                    GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX,
                )
            )

        if rng.random() < rate:
            out[broadleaf_idx] = float(
                np.clip(
                    out[broadleaf_idx] + rng.normal(0.0, 0.35),
                    GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MIN,
                    GA_SPECIES_WEIGHT_MAX,
                )
            )

    return out


def ga_crossover(
    parent_a: list[float],
    parent_b: list[float],
    rng: np.random.Generator,
    *,
    rate: float,
) -> tuple[list[float], list[float]]:
    if rng.random() >= rate:
        return parent_a.copy(), parent_b.copy()

    child_a = parent_a.copy()
    child_b = parent_b.copy()

    for idx in range(len(child_a)):
        if rng.random() < 0.5:
            child_a[idx], child_b[idx] = child_b[idx], child_a[idx]

    return child_a, child_b


def ga_tournament_select(
    population: list[list[float]],
    fitness: list[float],
    rng: np.random.Generator,
    *,
    n_select: int,
    tournament_size: int,
) -> list[list[float]]:
    selected = []
    for _ in range(n_select):
        indices = rng.integers(0, len(population), size=tournament_size)
        best_index = max(indices, key=lambda idx: fitness[int(idx)])
        selected.append(population[int(best_index)].copy())
    return selected



def ga_optimize_routine(
    *,
    config_arg,
    site_arg,
    discount_rate: float,
    accounting_method: str,
    pop_size: int,
    ga_generations: int,
    elite: int,
    tournament_size: int,
    mutation_rate: float,
    crossover_rate: float,
    workers: int,
    seed: int,
    verbose: bool = False,
) -> dict[str, object]:
    if pop_size <= 2:
        raise ValueError("pop_size must be > 2")
    if not (1 <= elite < pop_size):
        raise ValueError("elite must be in [1, pop_size)")

    rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
    population = [ga_random_genome(rng) for _ in range(int(pop_size))]
    best_score_history: list[float] = []
    best_schedule_history: list[tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...]] = []

    parallel = Parallel(n_jobs=int(workers), backend="loky") if int(workers) > 1 else None
    if parallel is None:
        fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
            population,
            config_arg=config_arg,
            site_arg=site_arg,
            discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
            accounting_method=accounting_method,
            parallel=None,
        )

        for generation_idx in range(int(ga_generations) + 1):
            best_index = int(np.argmax(fitness))
            best_score = float(fitness[best_index])
            best_schedule = decoded[best_index]
            best_score_history.append(best_score)
            best_schedule_history.append(best_schedule)

            if verbose:
                print(
                    f"GA[{accounting_method}] gen {generation_idx:02d} | "
                    f"best objective: {best_score:,.2f} | schedule: {best_schedule}"
                )

            if generation_idx == int(ga_generations):
                break

            elite_indices = np.argsort(fitness)[-int(elite):]
            next_population = [population[int(i)].copy() for i in elite_indices]
            parents = ga_tournament_select(
                population,
                fitness,
                rng,
                n_select=int(pop_size) - int(elite),
                tournament_size=int(tournament_size),
            )

            for idx in range(0, len(parents), 2):
                parent_a = parents[idx]
                parent_b = parents[(idx + 1) % len(parents)]
                child_a, child_b = ga_crossover(
                    parent_a,
                    parent_b,
                    rng,
                    rate=float(crossover_rate),
                )
                next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_a, rng, rate=float(mutation_rate)))
                if len(next_population) < int(pop_size):
                    next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_b, rng, rate=float(mutation_rate)))

            population = next_population[: int(pop_size)]
            fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
                population,
                config_arg=config_arg,
                site_arg=site_arg,
                discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
                accounting_method=accounting_method,
                parallel=None,
            )
    else:
        with parallel as parallel_runner:
            fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
                population,
                config_arg=config_arg,
                site_arg=site_arg,
                discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
                accounting_method=accounting_method,
                parallel=parallel_runner,
            )

            for generation_idx in range(int(ga_generations) + 1):
                best_index = int(np.argmax(fitness))
                best_score = float(fitness[best_index])
                best_schedule = decoded[best_index]
                best_score_history.append(best_score)
                best_schedule_history.append(best_schedule)

                if verbose:
                    print(
                        f"GA[{accounting_method}] gen {generation_idx:02d} | "
                        f"best objective: {best_score:,.2f} | schedule: {best_schedule}"
                    )

                if generation_idx == int(ga_generations):
                    break

                elite_indices = np.argsort(fitness)[-int(elite):]
                next_population = [population[int(i)].copy() for i in elite_indices]
                parents = ga_tournament_select(
                    population,
                    fitness,
                    rng,
                    n_select=int(pop_size) - int(elite),
                    tournament_size=int(tournament_size),
                )

                for idx in range(0, len(parents), 2):
                    parent_a = parents[idx]
                    parent_b = parents[(idx + 1) % len(parents)]
                    child_a, child_b = ga_crossover(
                        parent_a,
                        parent_b,
                        rng,
                        rate=float(crossover_rate),
                    )
                    next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_a, rng, rate=float(mutation_rate)))
                    if len(next_population) < int(pop_size):
                        next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_b, rng, rate=float(mutation_rate)))

                population = next_population[: int(pop_size)]
                fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
                    population,
                    config_arg=config_arg,
                    site_arg=site_arg,
                    discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
                    accounting_method=accounting_method,
                    parallel=parallel_runner,
                )

    best_schedule = best_schedule_history[-1]
    best_objective, best_cashflows, best_metrics = ga_simulate_schedule(
        best_schedule,
        config_arg=config_arg,
        site_arg=site_arg,
        discount_rate=float(discount_rate),
        accounting_method=accounting_method,
        return_trace=True,
        return_metrics=True,
    )

    return {
        "best_schedule": best_schedule,
        "best_objective": float(best_objective),
        "best_score_history": best_score_history,
        "best_schedule_history": best_schedule_history,
        "best_cashflows": best_cashflows,
        "best_metrics": best_metrics,
    }

[8]:

GA_POP_SIZE = 96
GA_GA_GENERATIONS = 40
GA_ELITE = 10
GA_TOURNAMENT_SIZE = 24
GA_MUTATION_RATE = 0.20
GA_CROSSOVER_RATE = 0.80
GA_WORKERS = min(8, max(1, (os.cpu_count() or 2) - 1))

rng = np.random.default_rng(20260218)
population = [ga_random_genome(rng) for _ in range(GA_POP_SIZE)]

best_npv_history: list[float] = []
best_schedule_history: list[tuple[tuple[int, float], ...]] = []

parallel = Parallel(n_jobs=GA_WORKERS, backend="loky") if GA_WORKERS > 1 else None

if parallel is not None:
    context = parallel
else:
    context = None

if context is None:
    fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
        population,
        config_arg=config,
        site_arg=site,
        parallel=None,
    )

    for ga_generation in range(GA_GA_GENERATIONS + 1):
        best_index = int(np.argmax(fitness))
        best_npv = float(fitness[best_index])
        best_schedule = decoded[best_index]

        best_npv_history.append(best_npv)
        best_schedule_history.append(best_schedule)

        print(
            f"GA generation {ga_generation:02d} | best perpetuity objective: {best_npv:,.0f} SEK/ha "
            f"| schedule: {best_schedule}"
        )

        if ga_generation == GA_GA_GENERATIONS:
            break

        elite_indices = np.argsort(fitness)[-GA_ELITE:]
        next_population = [population[int(i)].copy() for i in elite_indices]

        parents = ga_tournament_select(
            population,
            fitness,
            rng,
            n_select=GA_POP_SIZE - GA_ELITE,
            tournament_size=GA_TOURNAMENT_SIZE,
        )

        for idx in range(0, len(parents), 2):
            parent_a = parents[idx]
            parent_b = parents[(idx + 1) % len(parents)]
            child_a, child_b = ga_crossover(
                parent_a,
                parent_b,
                rng,
                rate=GA_CROSSOVER_RATE,
            )
            next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_a, rng, rate=GA_MUTATION_RATE))
            if len(next_population) < GA_POP_SIZE:
                next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_b, rng, rate=GA_MUTATION_RATE))

        population = next_population[:GA_POP_SIZE]
        fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
            population,
            config_arg=config,
            site_arg=site,
            parallel=None,
        )
else:
    with context as parallel_runner:
        fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
            population,
            config_arg=config,
            site_arg=site,
            parallel=parallel_runner,
        )

        for ga_generation in range(GA_GA_GENERATIONS + 1):
            best_index = int(np.argmax(fitness))
            best_npv = float(fitness[best_index])
            best_schedule = decoded[best_index]

            best_npv_history.append(best_npv)
            best_schedule_history.append(best_schedule)

            print(
                f"GA generation {ga_generation:02d} | best perpetuity objective: {best_npv:,.0f} SEK/ha "
                f"| schedule: {best_schedule}"
            )

            if ga_generation == GA_GA_GENERATIONS:
                break

            elite_indices = np.argsort(fitness)[-GA_ELITE:]
            next_population = [population[int(i)].copy() for i in elite_indices]

            parents = ga_tournament_select(
                population,
                fitness,
                rng,
                n_select=GA_POP_SIZE - GA_ELITE,
                tournament_size=GA_TOURNAMENT_SIZE,
            )

            for idx in range(0, len(parents), 2):
                parent_a = parents[idx]
                parent_b = parents[(idx + 1) % len(parents)]
                child_a, child_b = ga_crossover(
                    parent_a,
                    parent_b,
                    rng,
                    rate=GA_CROSSOVER_RATE,
                )
                next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_a, rng, rate=GA_MUTATION_RATE))
                if len(next_population) < GA_POP_SIZE:
                    next_population.append(ga_mutate(child_b, rng, rate=GA_MUTATION_RATE))

            population = next_population[:GA_POP_SIZE]
            fitness, decoded = ga_evaluate_population(
                population,
                config_arg=config,
                site_arg=site,
                parallel=parallel_runner,
            )

best_schedule = best_schedule_history[-1]
best_npv, best_cashflows = ga_simulate_schedule(
    best_schedule,
    config_arg=config,
    site_arg=site,
    return_trace=True,
)

best_routine_df = pd.DataFrame(
    [
        {
            "thinning_no": idx + 1,
            "year_in_rotation": age_year,
            "basal_area_fraction_removed": intensity,
            "thinning_grade": grade,
            "spruce_weight": spruce_weight,
            "pine_weight": pine_weight,
            "broadleaf_weight": broadleaf_weight,
        }
        for idx, (
            age_year,
            intensity,
            grade,
            spruce_weight,
            pine_weight,
            broadleaf_weight,
        ) in enumerate(best_schedule)
    ]
)

print(f"\nBest perpetuity objective over {GA_NUM_GENERATIONS} generations: {best_npv:,.0f} SEK/ha")
print(f"Workers used: {GA_WORKERS}")

if best_routine_df.empty:
    print("Best routine: no thinning before clear-cut.")
else:
    display(best_routine_df)

display(best_cashflows)

best_flow_trajectory = ga_build_flow_trajectory(
    best_schedule,
    config_arg=config,
    site_arg=site,
)

display(best_flow_trajectory)

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))

axes[0].plot(range(len(best_npv_history)), best_npv_history, marker="o")
axes[0].set_xlabel("GA generation")
axes[0].set_ylabel("Best perpetuity objective (SEK/ha)")
axes[0].set_title("GA convergence")
axes[0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)

axes[1].bar(
    best_cashflows["year"],
    best_cashflows["cashflow_sek_per_ha"],
    width=3.5,
    alpha=0.8,
    label="Cashflow",
)
axes[1].plot(
    best_cashflows["year"],
    best_cashflows["pv_sek_per_ha"],
    color="black",
    marker="o",
    label="Present value",
)
axes[1].set_xlabel("Years from start")
axes[1].set_ylabel("SEK/ha")
axes[1].set_title("Best schedule cashflows over 4 generations")
axes[1].legend()
axes[1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)

fig.tight_layout()


flow_plot_df = best_flow_trajectory.sort_values(["year", "event"]).reset_index(drop=True)
clearcut_years = sorted(flow_plot_df.loc[flow_plot_df["event"] == "clearcut", "year"].unique())
thinning_points = flow_plot_df.loc[flow_plot_df["event"] == "thinning"]

fig2, axes2 = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(12, 7), sharex=True)

axes2[0].plot(
    flow_plot_df["year"],
    flow_plot_df["basal_area_m2_ha"],
    marker="o",
    linewidth=1.2,
    color="tab:blue",
    label="Basal area",
)
if not thinning_points.empty:
    axes2[0].scatter(
        thinning_points["year"],
        thinning_points["basal_area_m2_ha"],
        color="tab:orange",
        s=28,
        label="After thinning",
        zorder=3,
    )
axes2[0].set_ylabel("Basal area (m²/ha)")
axes2[0].set_title("Basal area and standing volume over the full 4-generation flow")
axes2[0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes2[0].legend()

axes2[1].plot(
    flow_plot_df["year"],
    flow_plot_df["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"],
    marker="o",
    linewidth=1.2,
    color="tab:green",
    label="Standing volume",
)
if not thinning_points.empty:
    axes2[1].scatter(
        thinning_points["year"],
        thinning_points["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"],
        color="tab:orange",
        s=28,
        label="After thinning",
        zorder=3,
    )
axes2[1].set_xlabel("Years from start")
axes2[1].set_ylabel("Standing volume (m³/ha)")
axes2[1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes2[1].legend()

for clearcut_year in clearcut_years:
    for axis in axes2:
        axis.axvline(clearcut_year, color="tab:red", linestyle="--", alpha=0.35)

fig2.tight_layout()


fig3, ax3 = plt.subplots(figsize=(8.5, 6))
flow_phase_df = flow_plot_df.loc[flow_plot_df["stems_per_ha"] > 0.0].copy()
flow_phase_df["log10_stems_per_ha"] = np.log10(flow_phase_df["stems_per_ha"].clip(lower=1e-6))

for generation in sorted(flow_phase_df["generation"].unique()):
    generation_df = flow_phase_df.loc[flow_phase_df["generation"] == generation].copy()
    generation_df = generation_df.sort_values(["year", "event"])
    ax3.plot(
        generation_df["log10_stems_per_ha"],
        generation_df["basal_area_m2_ha"],
        marker="o",
        linewidth=1.1,
        label=f"Generation {int(generation)}",
        alpha=0.9,
    )

thinning_phase_df = flow_phase_df.loc[flow_phase_df["event"] == "thinning"]
if not thinning_phase_df.empty:
    ax3.scatter(
        thinning_phase_df["log10_stems_per_ha"],
        thinning_phase_df["basal_area_m2_ha"],
        marker="^",
        s=42,
        color="tab:orange",
        label="Thinning points",
        zorder=3,
    )

clearcut_phase_df = flow_phase_df.loc[flow_phase_df["event"] == "clearcut"]
if not clearcut_phase_df.empty:
    ax3.scatter(
        clearcut_phase_df["log10_stems_per_ha"],
        clearcut_phase_df["basal_area_m2_ha"],
        marker="x",
        s=56,
        color="tab:red",
        label="Clear-cut points",
        zorder=3,
    )

ax3.set_xlabel("log10(Stems per ha)")
ax3.set_ylabel("Basal area (m²/ha)")
ax3.set_title("Stand development path: basal area vs log stem density")
ax3.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
ax3.legend()
fig3.tight_layout()

GA generation 00 | best perpetuity objective: 27,773 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.444, -0.434, 2.201, 0.672, 1.851), (25, 0.282, -0.883, 0.565, 1.953, 2.773), (35, 0.239, -0.596, 0.344, 2.092, 1.674))
GA generation 01 | best perpetuity objective: 29,664 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.444, 0.698, 2.201, 0.546, 2.013), (20, 0.239, -0.596, 0.364, 2.092, 1.356), (25, 0.282, -0.044, 0.565, 1.092, 2.773))
GA generation 02 | best perpetuity objective: 31,663 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.444, 0.698, 2.201, 0.546, 2.013), (20, 0.363, -0.596, 0.364, 2.092, 1.356), (25, 0.282, -0.044, 0.565, 1.092, 2.773))
GA generation 03 | best perpetuity objective: 33,119 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.444, 0.698, 2.201, 0.546, 2.013), (20, 0.496, -0.658, 0.364, 2.092, 1.356), (25, 0.282, -0.044, 0.565, 1.092, 2.773))
GA generation 04 | best perpetuity objective: 33,652 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.684, 2.201, 0.546, 2.013), (20, 0.496, -0.658, 0.364, 2.461, 1.356), (25, 0.282, -0.044, 0.565, 1.092, 2.773))
GA generation 05 | best perpetuity objective: 34,082 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.409, 0.631, 2.201, 0.332, 1.868), (20, 0.496, -0.596, 0.666, 2.092, 1.356), (25, 0.328, -0.009, 0.565, 1.092, 2.883), (50, 0.307, 1.0, 1.735, 1.743, 2.11))
GA generation 06 | best perpetuity objective: 34,976 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.56, 2.201, 0.546, 2.046), (20, 0.496, -0.596, 0.666, 2.092, 1.535), (35, 0.291, -0.009, 1.029, 1.092, 3.0), (50, 0.307, 1.0, 1.735, 1.743, 1.67))
GA generation 07 | best perpetuity objective: 35,804 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.538, 2.488, 0.734, 1.764), (20, 0.496, -0.658, 0.364, 2.461, 1.273), (35, 0.297, -0.044, 0.902, 1.092, 2.723), (60, 0.307, 1.0, 1.735, 1.447, 2.364))
GA generation 08 | best perpetuity objective: 35,851 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.698, 2.488, 0.734, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.559, 0.25, 2.461, 1.535), (35, 0.297, -0.009, 1.147, 1.092, 2.947), (60, 0.307, 1.0, 1.735, 1.354, 2.364))
GA generation 09 | best perpetuity objective: 37,242 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.698, 0.674, 0.734, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.328, 2.461, 1.904), (30, 0.307, 0.486, 1.735, 0.658, 1.515), (45, 0.297, 0.088, 1.147, 1.092, 2.947))
GA generation 10 | best perpetuity objective: 37,242 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.698, 0.674, 0.734, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.328, 2.461, 1.904), (30, 0.307, 0.486, 1.735, 0.658, 1.515), (45, 0.297, 0.088, 1.147, 1.092, 2.947))
GA generation 11 | best perpetuity objective: 37,593 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.698, 0.674, 0.734, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.509, 2.679, 1.512), (30, 0.386, 0.724, 1.312, 0.527, 1.515), (45, 0.308, 0.088, 1.537, 1.552, 2.947))
GA generation 12 | best perpetuity objective: 37,988 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.698, 0.763, 0.734, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.257, 2.092, 1.512), (30, 0.363, 0.724, 1.735, 0.527, 1.515), (45, 0.297, 0.088, 1.043, 0.334, 2.373))
GA generation 13 | best perpetuity objective: 37,988 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.5, 0.698, 0.763, 0.734, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.257, 2.092, 1.512), (30, 0.363, 0.724, 1.735, 0.527, 1.515), (45, 0.297, 0.088, 1.043, 0.334, 2.373))
GA generation 14 | best perpetuity objective: 38,006 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.471, 0.537, 0.42, 0.703, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.25, 2.358, 1.512), (30, 0.493, 0.724, 1.735, 0.527, 1.588), (45, 0.297, 0.204, 1.537, 1.552, 2.947))
GA generation 15 | best perpetuity objective: 38,006 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.471, 0.537, 0.42, 0.703, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.25, 2.358, 1.512), (30, 0.493, 0.724, 1.735, 0.527, 1.588), (45, 0.297, 0.204, 1.537, 1.552, 2.947))
GA generation 16 | best perpetuity objective: 38,232 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.476, 0.25, 0.703, 1.675), (20, 0.5, -0.596, 0.392, 2.358, 1.988), (30, 0.493, 0.815, 1.735, 0.527, 1.588), (50, 0.261, 0.204, 1.537, 0.334, 2.071))
GA generation 17 | best perpetuity objective: 38,252 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.476, 0.42, 0.703, 1.327), (20, 0.5, -0.534, 0.25, 2.358, 1.512), (30, 0.493, 0.976, 2.176, 0.798, 1.588), (50, 0.297, 0.204, 1.537, 0.334, 2.071))
GA generation 18 | best perpetuity objective: 38,287 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.476, 0.42, 0.703, 1.422), (20, 0.5, -0.534, 0.25, 2.23, 1.512), (30, 0.493, 0.976, 2.176, 0.798, 1.588), (50, 0.359, 0.204, 1.366, 0.334, 2.071))
GA generation 19 | best perpetuity objective: 38,310 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.537, 0.331, 0.86, 1.785), (20, 0.5, -0.83, 0.252, 2.889, 1.894), (30, 0.48, 0.815, 1.866, 0.561, 0.842), (50, 0.345, 0.167, 1.537, 1.96, 2.365))
GA generation 20 | best perpetuity objective: 38,804 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.602, 0.25, 1.092, 1.729), (20, 0.5, -0.669, 0.252, 2.358, 2.813), (30, 0.5, 0.815, 1.866, 0.25, 0.842), (50, 0.403, 0.11, 1.537, 1.96, 2.365))
GA generation 21 | best perpetuity objective: 38,805 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.302, 0.389, 0.703, 1.626), (20, 0.5, -0.669, 0.409, 2.358, 2.813), (30, 0.5, 0.815, 2.688, 0.25, 1.02), (50, 0.404, 0.11, 1.537, 2.103, 2.365))
GA generation 22 | best perpetuity objective: 38,812 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.644, 0.331, 1.267, 1.617), (20, 0.5, -0.669, 0.252, 2.942, 2.813), (30, 0.5, 0.815, 1.866, 0.853, 0.501), (50, 0.403, 0.167, 1.366, 1.96, 2.514))
GA generation 23 | best perpetuity objective: 38,841 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.294, 0.25, 1.092, 1.721), (20, 0.5, -0.549, 0.25, 2.358, 1.894), (30, 0.5, 0.658, 1.462, 0.798, 1.588), (50, 0.452, 0.11, 1.366, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 24 | best perpetuity objective: 38,841 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.294, 0.25, 1.092, 1.721), (20, 0.5, -0.549, 0.25, 2.358, 1.894), (30, 0.5, 0.658, 1.462, 0.798, 1.588), (50, 0.452, 0.11, 1.366, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 25 | best perpetuity objective: 38,858 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.688, 0.25, 1.183, 1.626), (20, 0.5, -1.0, 0.684, 2.358, 2.095), (30, 0.49, 0.658, 1.77, 0.527, 1.485), (50, 0.452, 0.167, 1.366, 2.139, 2.362))
GA generation 26 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.387, 0.25, 1.284, 1.645), (20, 0.5, -0.549, 0.25, 2.358, 2.447), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.11, 1.366, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 27 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.387, 0.25, 1.284, 1.645), (20, 0.5, -0.549, 0.25, 2.358, 2.447), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.11, 1.366, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 28 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.387, 0.25, 1.284, 1.645), (20, 0.5, -0.549, 0.25, 2.358, 2.447), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.11, 1.366, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 29 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.581, 0.25, 1.284, 1.645), (20, 0.5, -0.607, 0.25, 2.942, 1.894), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.45, 1.407, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 30 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.486, 0.25, 0.532, 1.475), (20, 0.5, -0.783, 0.25, 2.692, 2.447), (30, 0.427, 0.589, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.274, 1.366, 2.147, 2.071))
GA generation 31 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.734, 0.25, 1.284, 1.645), (20, 0.5, -0.607, 0.25, 2.942, 1.894), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.484, 1.407, 1.96, 2.68))
GA generation 32 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.449, 0.734, 0.25, 1.284, 1.645), (20, 0.5, -0.607, 0.25, 2.942, 1.894), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.934), (50, 0.5, 0.484, 1.407, 1.96, 2.68))
GA generation 33 | best perpetuity objective: 39,121 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 0.25, 1.284, 1.689), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 0.25, 2.942, 2.675), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.705), (50, 0.5, 0.063, 1.407, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 34 | best perpetuity objective: 39,140 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 0.525, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 1.062, 2.942, 2.429), (30, 0.43, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.705), (50, 0.5, 0.02, 1.407, 1.96, 2.371))
GA generation 35 | best perpetuity objective: 39,140 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 0.525, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 1.062, 2.942, 2.429), (30, 0.43, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.705), (50, 0.5, 0.02, 1.407, 1.96, 2.371))
GA generation 36 | best perpetuity objective: 39,150 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 0.525, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 0.25, 2.942, 2.675), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.363), (50, 0.5, 0.051, 1.776, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 37 | best perpetuity objective: 39,150 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 0.525, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 0.25, 2.942, 2.675), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.363), (50, 0.5, 0.051, 1.776, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 38 | best perpetuity objective: 39,150 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 0.525, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 0.25, 2.942, 2.675), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.363), (50, 0.5, 0.051, 1.776, 1.96, 2.071))
GA generation 39 | best perpetuity objective: 39,150 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.795, 1.016, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 0.25, 2.942, 3.0), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.09), (50, 0.5, 0.041, 1.536, 1.78, 2.071))
GA generation 40 | best perpetuity objective: 39,150 SEK/ha | schedule: ((15, 0.451, 0.717, 0.389, 1.284, 1.4), (20, 0.5, -0.633, 0.425, 2.942, 2.714), (30, 0.427, 0.559, 1.462, 0.903, 1.363), (50, 0.5, 0.051, 1.686, 2.147, 2.071))

Best perpetuity objective over 4 generations: 39,150 SEK/ha
Workers used: 3

	thinning_no	year_in_rotation	basal_area_fraction_removed	thinning_grade	spruce_weight	pine_weight	broadleaf_weight
0	1	15	0.451	0.717	0.389	1.284	1.400
1	2	20	0.500	-0.633	0.425	2.942	2.714
2	3	30	0.427	0.559	1.462	0.903	1.363
3	4	50	0.500	0.051	1.686	2.147	2.071

	generation	year	event	cashflow_sek_per_ha	volume_m3_per_ha	thinning_intensity	thinning_grade	spruce_weight	pine_weight	broadleaf_weight	pv_sek_per_ha
0	1	15.0	thinning	10115.140906	58.003975	0.451	0.717	0.389	1.284	1.400	6492.524040
1	1	20.0	thinning	21448.055975	71.641381	0.500	-0.633	0.425	2.942	2.714	11875.268568
2	1	30.0	thinning	15247.750493	48.196070	0.427	0.559	1.462	0.903	1.363	6281.871316
3	1	50.0	thinning	24449.968074	70.658123	0.500	0.051	1.686	2.147	2.071	5577.210818
4	1	70.0	clearcut	43193.588546	117.487752	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	5455.236178
5	2	97.0	thinning	10115.140906	58.003975	0.451	0.717	0.389	1.284	1.400	575.123536
6	2	102.0	thinning	21448.055975	71.641381	0.500	-0.633	0.425	2.942	2.714	1051.940109
7	2	112.0	thinning	15247.750493	48.196070	0.427	0.559	1.462	0.903	1.363	556.463406
8	2	132.0	thinning	24449.968074	70.658123	0.500	0.051	1.686	2.147	2.071	494.042869
9	2	152.0	clearcut	43193.588546	117.487752	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	483.238060
10	3	179.0	thinning	10115.140906	58.003975	0.451	0.717	0.389	1.284	1.400	50.945839
11	3	184.0	thinning	21448.055975	71.641381	0.500	-0.633	0.425	2.942	2.714	93.183408
12	3	194.0	thinning	15247.750493	48.196070	0.427	0.559	1.462	0.903	1.363	49.292879
13	3	214.0	thinning	24449.968074	70.658123	0.500	0.051	1.686	2.147	2.071	43.763516
14	3	234.0	clearcut	43193.588546	117.487752	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	42.806400
15	4	261.0	thinning	10115.140906	58.003975	0.451	0.717	0.389	1.284	1.400	4.512906
16	4	266.0	thinning	21448.055975	71.641381	0.500	-0.633	0.425	2.942	2.714	8.254412
17	4	276.0	thinning	15247.750493	48.196070	0.427	0.559	1.462	0.903	1.363	4.366483
18	4	296.0	thinning	24449.968074	70.658123	0.500	0.051	1.686	2.147	2.071	3.876678
19	4	316.0	clearcut	43193.588546	117.487752	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	3.791895

	generation	year	event	thinning_intensity	thinning_grade	spruce_weight	pine_weight	broadleaf_weight	removed_spruce_stems_per_ha	removed_pine_stems_per_ha	removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha	harvest_value_sek_per_ha	harvest_volume_m3_per_ha	stems_per_ha	basal_area_m2_ha	standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha	standing_value_sek_per_ha
0	1	0.0	start	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	6244.836223	1.446076	4.496444	0.000000
1	1	5.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	5908.674359	10.714795	33.963809	1211.826847
2	1	10.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	5550.689031	19.655217	80.164338	13981.675844
3	1	15.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	5155.787371	25.402312	125.554411	22603.566895
4	1	15.0	thinning	0.451	0.717	0.389	1.284	1.4	0.0	333.190438	843.803941	10115.140906	58.003975	3978.792991	13.945869	67.550436	12488.425988
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
75	4	301.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	1344.046848	10.784206	76.965844	23485.698635
76	4	306.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	1341.939976	12.086160	90.133813	25166.555620
77	4	311.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	1339.786067	13.374880	103.679670	25026.011123
78	4	316.0	growth	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	1337.586694	14.646203	117.487752	43193.588546
79	4	316.0	clearcut	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.0	0.000000	0.000000	43193.588546	117.487752	1337.586694	14.646203	117.487752	43193.588546

80 rows × 17 columns

../_images/notebooks_elfving_2010_preset_10_4.png

../_images/notebooks_elfving_2010_preset_10_5.png

../_images/notebooks_elfving_2010_preset_10_6.png

Rent and Accounting Method Competitions (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%)#

For each rent rate, we run a GA competition under multiple accounting objectives (including Faustmann) and compare the optimized routines.

[9]:

rent_rates = [0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04]
accounting_methods = [
    ("Perpetuity NPV", "perpetuity_npv"),
    ("Perpetuity EAV", "perpetuity_eav"),
    ("Perpetuity LEV", "perpetuity_lev"),
]

# Moderate defaults for multi-scenario runs; increase if you want harder search.
ACC_POP_SIZE = 28
ACC_GA_GENERATIONS = 10
ACC_ELITE = 4
ACC_TOURNAMENT_SIZE = 10
ACC_MUTATION_RATE = 0.20
ACC_CROSSOVER_RATE = 0.80
ACC_WORKERS = min(6, max(1, (os.cpu_count() or 2) - 1))

competition_rows: list[dict[str, object]] = []
competition_histories: dict[tuple[str, float], list[float]] = {}
competition_schedules: dict[tuple[str, float], tuple[tuple[int, float], ...]] = {}

for method_label, method_key in accounting_methods:
    for rate in rent_rates:
        seed = 20260218 + int(round(rate * 1000.0)) + abs(hash(method_key)) % 10000

        result = ga_optimize_routine(
            config_arg=config,
            site_arg=site,
            discount_rate=rate,
            accounting_method=method_key,
            pop_size=ACC_POP_SIZE,
            ga_generations=ACC_GA_GENERATIONS,
            elite=ACC_ELITE,
            tournament_size=ACC_TOURNAMENT_SIZE,
            mutation_rate=ACC_MUTATION_RATE,
            crossover_rate=ACC_CROSSOVER_RATE,
            workers=ACC_WORKERS,
            seed=seed,
            verbose=False,
        )

        metrics = result["best_metrics"]
        best_schedule = result["best_schedule"]

        competition_histories[(method_key, rate)] = [float(v) for v in result["best_score_history"]]
        competition_schedules[(method_key, rate)] = best_schedule

        competition_rows.append(
            {
                "rent_rate": f"{int(rate * 100)}%",
                "rent_rate_value": float(rate),
                "accounting_method": method_label,
                "method_key": method_key,
                "objective_value": float(result["best_objective"]),
                "perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha": float(metrics["perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha"]),
                "perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year": float(metrics["perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year"]),
                "perpetuity_lev_sek_per_ha": float(metrics["perpetuity_lev_sek_per_ha"]),
                "perpetuity_annuity_sek_per_ha_year": float(
                    metrics["perpetuity_annuity_sek_per_ha_year"]
                ),
                "best_schedule": str(best_schedule),
                "n_thinnings": int(len(best_schedule)),
            }
        )

competition_df = pd.DataFrame(competition_rows).sort_values(
    ["rent_rate_value", "accounting_method"]
)


best_npv_by_rent_df = competition_df.loc[
    competition_df.groupby("rent_rate_value")["perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha"].idxmax()
].sort_values("rent_rate_value")

print("Best Perpetuity NPV routine per rent rate:")
display(
    best_npv_by_rent_df[
        [
            "rent_rate",
            "accounting_method",
            "perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha",
            "n_thinnings",
            "best_schedule",
        ]
    ].reset_index(drop=True)
)

display(
    competition_df[
        [
            "rent_rate",
            "accounting_method",
            "objective_value",
            "perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha",
            "perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year",
            "perpetuity_lev_sek_per_ha",
            "n_thinnings",
            "best_schedule",
        ]
    ].reset_index(drop=True)
)

# Common metric comparison: resulting perpetuity NPV for each optimized routine.
npv_pivot = competition_df.pivot(
    index="rent_rate",
    columns="accounting_method",
    values="perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha",
)

fig4, axes4 = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(13, 4.8))

for method_label, _method_key in accounting_methods:
    method_df = competition_df.loc[competition_df["accounting_method"] == method_label]
    axes4[0].plot(
        method_df["rent_rate_value"] * 100.0,
        method_df["perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha"],
        marker="o",
        linewidth=1.2,
        label=method_label,
    )

axes4[0].set_xlabel("Rent rate (%)")
axes4[0].set_ylabel("Perpetuity NPV (SEK/ha)")
axes4[0].set_title("Perpetuity NPV of optimized routines")
axes4[0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes4[0].legend()

for method_label, method_key in accounting_methods:
    method_subset = competition_df.loc[competition_df["accounting_method"] == method_label]
    best_rate = float(method_subset.loc[method_subset["objective_value"].idxmax(), "rent_rate_value"])
    history = competition_histories[(method_key, best_rate)]
    axes4[1].plot(
        range(len(history)),
        history,
        marker="o",
        linewidth=1.1,
        label=f"{method_label} @ {int(best_rate * 100)}%",
    )

axes4[1].set_xlabel("GA generation")
axes4[1].set_ylabel("Objective value")
axes4[1].set_title("Example convergence traces")
axes4[1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes4[1].legend()

fig4.tight_layout()

Best Perpetuity NPV routine per rent rate:

	rent_rate	accounting_method	perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha	n_thinnings	best_schedule
0	1%	Perpetuity NPV	132280.641615	4	((10, 0.185, -0.765, 1.231, 0.25, 1.94), (15, ...
1	2%	Perpetuity LEV	55886.200744	4	((15, 0.228, 0.225, 1.63, 1.803, 2.743), (20, ...
2	3%	Perpetuity NPV	36217.167051	4	((15, 0.5, 0.696, 2.056, 1.254, 1.283), (20, 0...
3	4%	Perpetuity NPV	24729.821865	4	((15, 0.355, 0.22, 0.773, 0.754, 1.909), (20, ...

	rent_rate	accounting_method	objective_value	perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha	perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year	perpetuity_lev_sek_per_ha	n_thinnings	best_schedule
0	1%	Perpetuity EAV	1277.358601	127735.860100	1277.358601	127735.860100	4	((15, 0.5, 0.073, 0.983, 0.25, 2.965), (30, 0....
1	1%	Perpetuity LEV	128176.404962	128176.404962	1281.764050	128176.404962	3	((15, 0.369, 1.0, 2.186, 1.884, 3.0), (20, 0.4...
2	1%	Perpetuity NPV	132280.641615	132280.641615	1322.806416	132280.641615	4	((10, 0.185, -0.765, 1.231, 0.25, 1.94), (15, ...
3	2%	Perpetuity EAV	1101.337325	55066.866235	1101.337325	55066.866235	3	((15, 0.407, 0.449, 1.675, 1.328, 2.2), (20, 0...
4	2%	Perpetuity LEV	55886.200744	55886.200744	1117.724015	55886.200744	4	((15, 0.228, 0.225, 1.63, 1.803, 2.743), (20, ...
5	2%	Perpetuity NPV	54893.725828	54893.725828	1097.874517	54893.725828	3	((15, 0.5, 0.921, 2.878, 0.384, 2.754), (20, 0...
6	3%	Perpetuity EAV	1023.716780	34123.892664	1023.716780	34123.892664	4	((15, 0.457, 0.678, 2.268, 0.25, 0.896), (20, ...
7	3%	Perpetuity LEV	33094.964665	33094.964665	992.848940	33094.964665	4	((15, 0.44, -0.813, 0.906, 0.38, 1.345), (20, ...
8	3%	Perpetuity NPV	36217.167051	36217.167051	1086.515012	36217.167051	4	((15, 0.5, 0.696, 2.056, 1.254, 1.283), (20, 0...
9	4%	Perpetuity EAV	924.614877	23115.371913	924.614877	23115.371913	4	((15, 0.438, 0.124, 2.197, 0.25, 1.069), (20, ...
10	4%	Perpetuity LEV	24630.622842	24630.622842	985.224914	24630.622842	4	((15, 0.476, 0.55, 0.786, 1.993, 2.342), (20, ...
11	4%	Perpetuity NPV	24729.821865	24729.821865	989.192875	24729.821865	4	((15, 0.355, 0.22, 0.773, 0.754, 1.909), (20, ...

../_images/notebooks_elfving_2010_preset_12_3.png

Site Index Spruce Sweep (12 to 36, step 2)#

This section re-optimizes the routine for each spruce site index (SI_spruce = 12, 14, ..., 36) with the expanded thinning decision:

thinning age,
thinning intensity,
thinning grade (from below to from above),
species targeting weights (spruce/pine/broadleaf).

It then compares how optimized behavior and value outcomes change as site index increases.

[10]:

from dataclasses import replace

SI_SWEEP_VALUES = list(range(12, 38, 2))
SI_SWEEP_DISCOUNT_RATE = 0.03
SI_SWEEP_ACCOUNTING_METHOD = "perpetuity_npv"

SI_SWEEP_POP_SIZE = 28
SI_SWEEP_GA_GENERATIONS = 12
SI_SWEEP_ELITE = 4
SI_SWEEP_TOURNAMENT_SIZE = 10
SI_SWEEP_MUTATION_RATE = 0.20
SI_SWEEP_CROSSOVER_RATE = 0.80
SI_SWEEP_WORKERS = min(6, max(1, (os.cpu_count() or 2) - 1))

si_rows: list[dict[str, object]] = []
si_schedule_map: dict[int, tuple[tuple[int, float, float, float, float, float], ...]] = {}

for si_spruce in SI_SWEEP_VALUES:
    print(f"Optimizing for spruce SI={si_spruce} ...")

    config_si = replace(config, site_index_spruce_m=float(si_spruce))
    result_si = ga_optimize_routine(
        config_arg=config_si,
        site_arg=site,
        discount_rate=SI_SWEEP_DISCOUNT_RATE,
        accounting_method=SI_SWEEP_ACCOUNTING_METHOD,
        pop_size=SI_SWEEP_POP_SIZE,
        ga_generations=SI_SWEEP_GA_GENERATIONS,
        elite=SI_SWEEP_ELITE,
        tournament_size=SI_SWEEP_TOURNAMENT_SIZE,
        mutation_rate=SI_SWEEP_MUTATION_RATE,
        crossover_rate=SI_SWEEP_CROSSOVER_RATE,
        workers=SI_SWEEP_WORKERS,
        seed=20260400 + int(si_spruce),
        verbose=False,
    )

    best_schedule_si = result_si["best_schedule"]
    si_schedule_map[int(si_spruce)] = best_schedule_si

    flow_si = ga_build_flow_trajectory(
        best_schedule_si,
        config_arg=config_si,
        site_arg=site,
    )

    thinning_flow_si = flow_si.loc[flow_si["event"] == "thinning"].copy()

    if best_schedule_si:
        intensities = [float(decision[1]) for decision in best_schedule_si]
        grades = [float(decision[2]) for decision in best_schedule_si]
        w_spruce = [float(decision[3]) for decision in best_schedule_si]
        w_pine = [float(decision[4]) for decision in best_schedule_si]
        w_broadleaf = [float(decision[5]) for decision in best_schedule_si]
        first_thinning_year = float(min(decision[0] for decision in best_schedule_si))
    else:
        intensities = []
        grades = []
        w_spruce = []
        w_pine = []
        w_broadleaf = []
        first_thinning_year = np.nan

    removed_spruce = float(thinning_flow_si["removed_spruce_stems_per_ha"].sum())
    removed_pine = float(thinning_flow_si["removed_pine_stems_per_ha"].sum())
    removed_broadleaf = float(thinning_flow_si["removed_broadleaf_stems_per_ha"].sum())
    removed_total = removed_spruce + removed_pine + removed_broadleaf

    si_rows.append(
        {
            "si_spruce_m": float(si_spruce),
            "best_objective": float(result_si["best_objective"]),
            "perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha": float(result_si["best_metrics"]["perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha"]),
            "perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year": float(
                result_si["best_metrics"]["perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year"]
            ),
            "n_thinnings": int(len(best_schedule_si)),
            "first_thinning_year": float(first_thinning_year)
            if not np.isnan(first_thinning_year)
            else np.nan,
            "mean_thinning_intensity": float(np.mean(intensities)) if intensities else 0.0,
            "mean_thinning_grade": float(np.mean(grades)) if grades else 0.0,
            "mean_spruce_weight": float(np.mean(w_spruce)) if w_spruce else 0.0,
            "mean_pine_weight": float(np.mean(w_pine)) if w_pine else 0.0,
            "mean_broadleaf_weight": float(np.mean(w_broadleaf)) if w_broadleaf else 0.0,
            "removed_spruce_share": float(removed_spruce / removed_total) if removed_total > 0 else 0.0,
            "removed_pine_share": float(removed_pine / removed_total) if removed_total > 0 else 0.0,
            "removed_broadleaf_share": float(removed_broadleaf / removed_total)
            if removed_total > 0
            else 0.0,
            "peak_basal_area_m2_ha": float(flow_si["basal_area_m2_ha"].max()),
            "peak_standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha": float(flow_si["standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha"].max()),
            "best_schedule": str(best_schedule_si),
        }
    )

si_df = pd.DataFrame(si_rows).sort_values("si_spruce_m").reset_index(drop=True)
display(si_df)

fig_si, axes_si = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(14, 9), sharex=True)

axes_si[0, 0].plot(si_df["si_spruce_m"], si_df["perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha"], marker="o")
axes_si[0, 0].set_ylabel("Perpetuity NPV (SEK/ha)")
axes_si[0, 0].set_title("Value response to spruce site index")
axes_si[0, 0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)

axes_si[0, 1].plot(si_df["si_spruce_m"], si_df["n_thinnings"], marker="o", label="n thinnings")
axes_si[0, 1].plot(
    si_df["si_spruce_m"],
    si_df["mean_thinning_intensity"],
    marker="o",
    label="mean intensity",
)
axes_si[0, 1].plot(
    si_df["si_spruce_m"],
    si_df["mean_thinning_grade"],
    marker="o",
    label="mean grade",
)
axes_si[0, 1].set_title("Optimized thinning structure vs site index")
axes_si[0, 1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes_si[0, 1].legend()

axes_si[1, 0].plot(si_df["si_spruce_m"], si_df["mean_spruce_weight"], marker="o", label="spruce weight")
axes_si[1, 0].plot(si_df["si_spruce_m"], si_df["mean_pine_weight"], marker="o", label="pine weight")
axes_si[1, 0].plot(
    si_df["si_spruce_m"],
    si_df["mean_broadleaf_weight"],
    marker="o",
    label="broadleaf weight",
)
axes_si[1, 0].set_xlabel("Spruce site index (m)")
axes_si[1, 0].set_ylabel("Mean optimized targeting weight")
axes_si[1, 0].set_title("Species targeting preference vs site index")
axes_si[1, 0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes_si[1, 0].legend()

axes_si[1, 1].plot(
    si_df["si_spruce_m"],
    si_df["removed_spruce_share"],
    marker="o",
    label="removed spruce share",
)
axes_si[1, 1].plot(
    si_df["si_spruce_m"],
    si_df["removed_pine_share"],
    marker="o",
    label="removed pine share",
)
axes_si[1, 1].plot(
    si_df["si_spruce_m"],
    si_df["removed_broadleaf_share"],
    marker="o",
    label="removed broadleaf share",
)
axes_si[1, 1].set_xlabel("Spruce site index (m)")
axes_si[1, 1].set_ylabel("Share of removed stems")
axes_si[1, 1].set_title("Realized species removal composition")
axes_si[1, 1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
axes_si[1, 1].legend()

fig_si.tight_layout()

Optimizing for spruce SI=12 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=14 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=16 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=18 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=20 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=22 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=24 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=26 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=28 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=30 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=32 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=34 ...
Optimizing for spruce SI=36 ...

	si_spruce_m	best_objective	perpetuity_npv_sek_per_ha	perpetuity_eav_sek_per_ha_year	n_thinnings	first_thinning_year	mean_thinning_intensity	mean_thinning_grade	mean_spruce_weight	mean_pine_weight	mean_broadleaf_weight	removed_spruce_share	removed_pine_share	removed_broadleaf_share	peak_basal_area_m2_ha	peak_standing_volume_m3sk_per_ha	best_schedule
0	12.0	34504.150512	34504.150512	1035.124515	3	15.0	0.428667	0.456667	1.010667	2.142000	2.338000	0.000000	0.598374	0.401626	29.618278	196.202622	((15, 0.286, 0.289, 2.188, 1.974, 2.631), (20,...
1	14.0	35572.277918	35572.277918	1067.168338	4	15.0	0.473500	0.503250	1.547000	1.101250	1.569250	0.085731	0.587563	0.326706	26.264207	139.296812	((15, 0.466, 1.0, 0.25, 0.849, 2.574), (20, 0....
2	16.0	37014.760247	37014.760247	1110.442807	4	15.0	0.474250	-0.053250	1.611000	2.179000	2.146750	0.094252	0.579070	0.326678	25.701111	169.112533	((15, 0.493, 0.356, 2.507, 1.954, 2.66), (20, ...
3	18.0	35692.660329	35692.660329	1070.779810	4	15.0	0.392750	0.044250	2.018500	1.337750	1.195500	0.101561	0.556614	0.341825	29.529564	158.058877	((15, 0.312, 0.415, 2.575, 0.472, 2.195), (20,...
4	20.0	34560.831332	34560.831332	1036.824940	4	10.0	0.390250	0.028750	2.416000	1.364500	1.233750	0.103133	0.525735	0.371132	28.555758	183.600323	((10, 0.171, -0.975, 1.223, 0.709, 1.651), (15...
5	22.0	35873.381763	35873.381763	1076.201453	4	15.0	0.411000	0.031500	1.467750	1.771000	1.893500	0.091996	0.570499	0.337505	28.849492	169.778256	((15, 0.5, 0.669, 1.999, 1.636, 2.522), (25, 0...
6	24.0	33934.342121	33934.342121	1018.030264	3	15.0	0.415667	0.231667	2.066333	1.131667	1.395667	0.110424	0.492867	0.396710	28.111314	224.473850	((15, 0.362, 0.001, 1.951, 1.808, 3.0), (20, 0...
7	26.0	32467.482929	32467.482929	974.024488	4	10.0	0.363500	0.027000	1.425750	0.752000	2.628500	0.111524	0.491552	0.396924	29.646615	207.276514	((10, 0.128, -0.637, 1.027, 1.105, 3.0), (15, ...
8	28.0	36347.794034	36347.794034	1090.433821	4	15.0	0.397250	0.022750	1.127500	1.511500	1.978250	0.089816	0.567793	0.342391	27.283404	174.845115	((15, 0.41, 0.979, 0.25, 0.877, 1.146), (20, 0...
9	30.0	35415.187457	35415.187457	1062.455624	4	15.0	0.500000	0.296000	1.582500	1.380250	1.158500	0.093525	0.583672	0.322803	25.696119	137.404221	((15, 0.5, 0.029, 1.794, 1.137, 1.34), (20, 0....
10	32.0	33474.646231	33474.646231	1004.239387	3	15.0	0.418667	0.265667	1.698000	1.474000	1.622000	0.095759	0.513171	0.391069	34.063079	230.658179	((15, 0.496, 0.688, 0.728, 1.411, 3.0), (35, 0...
11	34.0	36952.493520	36952.493520	1108.574806	4	15.0	0.429500	0.714750	1.377750	2.106250	2.075000	0.000000	0.646624	0.353376	26.833414	210.855759	((15, 0.446, 0.244, 0.371, 0.995, 1.221), (20,...
12	36.0	37677.972526	37677.972526	1130.339176	4	15.0	0.464250	0.597000	1.682750	2.465250	2.350000	0.000000	0.666486	0.333514	25.846148	200.150822	((15, 0.5, 0.061, 0.781, 1.918, 2.953), (20, 0...

../_images/notebooks_elfving_2010_preset_14_2.png